List of political parties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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This is a list of notable political parties and alliances in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, both past and present. The country has a multi-party political system: one in which the number of competing political parties is sufficiently large as to make it almost inevitable that, in order to participate in the exercise of power, any single party must be prepared to negotiate with one or more others with a view to forming electoral alliances and/or coalition agreements.
Many parties in the country are "drawer" or "briefcase" parties, those set up from set up from scratch for electoral purposes, with little to no real presence on the ground. Many lack headquarters, a distinct visual identity, or even an active base of supporters. Since the replacement of the pure proportional representation with a 1% electoral threshold in 2017, these nominal parties have tended to merge into broader political alliances, often incorporating figures from major parties rather than establishing large, unified parties. The more parties an alliance has, the more lists it can field, increasing the likelihood of surpassing the threshold and securing seats. Some of these parties are only made up of immediate family members, represented in a single corner of a city or in a single province.[1]
Some political caolitions, such as the Common Front for Congo, have previously flirted with the idea of tranforming itself into a single majority party, with the Moïse Katumbi's political platform, Together for the Republic, merging six of its member political parties and groups into a single political party on 18 December 2019.[1]
In 2014, there were 602 parties registered with the Ministry of Internal Affairs and 910 in 2023, an increase of 51%.[2][3]
History
[edit]Pre-Mobutu
[edit]Under the Belgian Congo, the formation of political organizations was banned. Instead, évolués formed "associations" based primarily on ethnic interest or alumni affiliations.[4] In December 1957, the colonial administration instituted reforms that permitted municipal elections and the formation of political parties. Some Belgian parties attempted to establish branches in the colony, but these were largely ignored by the population in favour of Congolese-initiated groups.[5]
As independence neared, political activity blossomed, leading to the establishment of over 200 political parties, though nationally based parties struggled to remain cohesive due to ethnic divisions and leadership conflicts, causing larger coalitions to fragment. By the 1960 elections, some 250 political parties competed for just 137 seats, dropping down to 233 parties contesting 167 seats in the 1965 elections.[6]
Mobutu era
[edit]Following Mobutu's accession to power in the Second Mobutu coup d'état, he founded the Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR) on 17 April, 1966, later declaring it the supreme organ of state and sole legal party on 23 December 1970, fusing with the government in 1972. Many early political leaders aligned themselves with the new regime, while those who opposed it faced exile or imprisonment.[7]
Facing mounting pressure from both domestic and international actors to introduce democratic reforms, Mobutu announced an end to single-party rule in a speech on April 24, 1990, and resigned as head of the MPR. Various illegal parties, such as the Union for Democracy and Social Progress, declared their intention to register, while prominent politicians left the MPR to establish their own parties. However, on May 3, Mobutu attempted to limit the number of legal parties to just two additional groups, though his decree was widely ignored. After months of public demonstrations, he ultimately conceded on October 6, announcing that there would be no restrictions on political parties. This was formalized on November 25 with the passage of a decree allowing unrestricted party registration.[8]
Post-Mobutu
[edit]After the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire toppled the Mobutu regime in May 1997, all political party activity was immediately and indefinitely suspended. In late January 1999, President Laurent-Désiré Kabila lifted the ban on forming new political parties, though he did not address the status of pre-existing parties. The requirements for registering new parties were stringent, demanding organizational and financial prerequisites that posed significant obstacles to prospective parties, with additional restrictions including a ban on affiliations with international organizations. All barriers to party activity were lifted in May 2001, and by the end of that year, more than 150 political parties had reportedly been officially registered.[9]
The parties
[edit] | This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. The reason given is: obsolete alliances and party list needs update for 2023-2028 election cycle. (April 2024) |
| Alliance | Abbr. | Leader | Parties | Political position | Ideology | Senate | Assembly | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Common Front for Congo Front commun pour le Congo |
FCC | Joseph Kabila | Centre-left | Social democracy | 99 / 109
|
341 / 500
| ||
| Lamuka Coalition Coalition Lamuka |
CL | Moïse Katumbi Adolphe Muzito |
List of parties |
Right-wing | Nationalism Christian democracy |
6 / 109
|
112 / 500
| |
| Heading for Change Cap pour le changement |
CACH | Félix Tshisekedi | Centre-left | Progressivism Social democracy |
3 / 109
|
47 / 500
| ||
| Party Name | Party Leader |
|---|---|
| Alliance of the Democratic Forces of Congo (Alliance des Forces democratiques du Congo/AFDC)[10] | Bahati Lukwebo |
| Alliance for Congo's Renewal (Alliance pour le Renouveau du Congo/ARC) | Olivier Kamitatu Etsu |
| Camp of the Fatherland (Camp de la Patrie) | Leader unknown |
| Christian Democracy (Démocratie Chrétienne/DC) | Eugène Diomi Ndongala |
| Christian Democrat Party (Parti Démocrate Chrétien) | Leader unknown |
| Christian Democrats Party (Parti des Démocrates Chrétiens/PDC) | José Endundo Bononge |
| Christian Republican Party (Parti Chrétien Républicain/PCR) | Gilbert Kiakwama Kiakiziki |
| Coalition of Congolese Democrats (Coalition des Démocrates Congolais) | Leader unknown |
| Congolese National Movement–Lumumba (Mouvement National Congolais–Lumumba/MNC–L) | François Lumumba |
| Congolese Rally for Democracy–Goma (Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie/RCD–G) | Azarias Ruberwa |
| Congolese Rally for Democracy–Kisangani-Liberation Movement (Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie–Kisangani–Mouvement de Libération/RCD–K–ML) | Antipas Mbusa Myanwisi |
| Congolese Solidarity for Democracy (Solidarité Congolaise pour la Démocratie/SCODE) | Jean Claude Muyambo |
| Convention of Christian Democrats (Convention des Démocrates Chrétiens) | Leader unknown |
| Democrats of the Democratic Republic of Congo (Le Démocrate, République Démocratique du Congo) | A. Mande Monga |
| Democratic Social Christian Party (Parti Démocrate Social Chrétien/PDSC) | André Bo-Boliko Lokonga |
| Federalist Christian Democracy – Convention of Federalists for Christian Democracy (Démocratie Chrétienne Fédéraliste – Convention des Fédéralistes pour la Démocratie Chrétienne/DCF–COFEDEC) | Venant Tshipasa (Pierre Pay Pay Presidential candidate) |
| Future of the Congo (Avenir du Congo/ACO) | Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde |
| Forces for Renewal (Forces du Renouveau) | Azarias Ruberwa |
| Liberal Christian Democrats Union (Union des Libéraux Démocrates Chrétiens/ULDC) | Raymond Tshibanda |
| Movement for the Liberation of Congo (Mouvement pour la Liberation du Congo/MLC) | Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo |
| National Alliance Party for Unity (Parti de l'Alliance Nationale pour l'Unité/PANU) | André-Philippe Futa |
| National Democratic Action ( Action Démocratique Nationale / ADENA) | Clovis Kabongo Malemba |
| Organisation du bahku (NBO) | Leader unknown |
| Parti Travailliste Congolais (PTC) | Thomas Ilenda Touzayamoko |
| People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy (Parti du Peuple pour la Reconstruction et la Démocratie/PPRD) | Évariste Boshab |
| People's Salvation Front (Front Populaire du Salut/FPS) | Ahmed Padia Binkatabana |
| Popular Movement of the Revolution/Nzuzi Faction (Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution/Fait Privé/MPR-FP) | Simon Nsimba M'vuedi |
| Rally of Congolese Democrats and Nationalists (Rassemblement des Congolais Démocrates et Nationalistes) | Leader unknown |
| Social Movement for Renewal (Mouvement Social pour le Renouveau) | Pierre Lumbi |
| Unified Lumumbist Party (Parti Lumumbiste Unifié/PALU) | Antoine Gizenga |
| Union for Democracy and Social Progress (Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social/UDPS) | Étienne Tshisekedi |
| Union for the Nation (Union pour la Nation) | Leader unknown |
| Union for the Republic National Movement/UNIR NM (Union pour la République - Mouvement national/UNIR MN) | Boyenga Bofala |
| Union of Congolese nationalist Federalists/UNAFEC (Union Nationale des fédéralistes du Congo - UNAFEC) | |
| Union for Congo's Reconstruction (Union pour la Reconstruction du Congo/UREC) | Oscar Kashala |
| Union of Federalist Nationalists of Congo (Union des Nationalistes Fédéralistes du Congo) | Leader unknown |
| Union of Mobutist Democrats (Union des Démocrates Mobutistes) | Nzanga Mobutu |
| Voix Independante du Peuple (Voix Independante du Peuple/VIP) | Eddy Dishueme |
Historical parties
[edit]- Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Liberation du Congo)
- ABAKO
- Association of Indigenous Personnel of the Colony (APIC)
- Center of African Grouping (CEREA)
- Movement for the National Congolese Progress (MPNC)
- African Solidarity Party (PSA)
- People's National Party (PNP)
- Union of Mongo (UNIMO)
References
[edit]- ^ a b Kibangula, Trésor (2020-02-06). "Partis politiques en RDC : vers des « grands ensembles » ?". Congo Research Group | Groupe d'étude sur le Congo -. Retrieved 2025-03-16.
- ^ "::CENI/RDC - Partis Politiques::". Archived from the original on 2016-12-06.
- ^ Ministère de l'Intérieur, Sécurité et Affaires Coutumieres. "Liste des parties politiques autorises a fonctionner en republique democratique du Congo—Juin 2023" (PDF). 7sur7.cd (in French). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ Kisangani & Bobb 2009, p. xxxv–lxiii.
- ^ Young 1965, pp. 296–297.
- ^ Kisangani & Bobb 2009, p. lxiv– lxvii.
- ^ Kisangani & Bobb 2009, p. lxvii; 373.
- ^ Kisangani & Bobb 2009, p. lxxiii.
- ^ Kisangani & Bobb 2021, p. 369.
- ^ Patrick Ilunga (28 July 2021). "Koffi Olomide joins new political party". The EastAfrican. Nairobi, Kenya. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
Works Cited
[edit]- Young, Crawford (1965). Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence. Princeton: Princeton University Press. OCLC 307971.
- Kisangani, Emizet Francois; Bobb, Scott F. (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Scarecrow Press. p. 520–521. ISBN 9780810857612.
- Lansford, Tom (2021). Political Handbook of the World 2020-2021. CQ Press. p. 297. ISBN 9781544384719.
See also
[edit]| Major parliamentary parties | |
|---|---|
| Other parties | |
