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Mare Crisium

Coordinates: 17°00′N 59°06′E / 17.0°N 59.1°E / 17.0; 59.1
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Area centrata su Mare Crisium in formato Si. Vedi anche: https://www.gawh.it/main/selenocromatica/
Mare Crisium
LRO image
Coordinates17°00′N 59°06′E / 17.0°N 59.1°E / 17.0; 59.1
Diameter556 km (345 mi)[1]

Mare Crisium /ˈkrɪsiəm/ (Latin crisium, the "Sea of Crises") is a lunar mare located in the Moon's Crisium basin, just northeast of Mare Tranquillitatis. Mare Crisium is a basin of Nectarian age.[2] It was formed by the flooding of basaltic lava that filled an ancient asteroid impact.[3]

Characteristics

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Mare Crisium is 556 km (345 mi) in diameter,[1] and 176,000 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi) in area. It has a very flat floor, with a ring of wrinkle ridges (dorsa) toward its outer boundaries. These are Dorsa Tetyaev, Dorsum Oppel, Dorsum Termier, and Dorsa Harker. The cape-like feature protruding into the southeast of the mare is Promontorium Agarum. On the western rim of the mare is the palimpsest Yerkes, and Lick to the southeast is similar. The crater Picard is located just to the east of Yerkes, and northwest of Picard are the craters Peirce and Swift. The ray system of the crater Proclus overlie the northwestern mare. Mare Anguis can be seen northeast of Mare Crisium.[4]

A mass concentration (mascon), or gravitational high, was identified in the center of Mare Crisium from Doppler tracking of the five Lunar Orbiter spacecraft in 1968.[5] The mascon was confirmed and mapped at higher resolution with later orbiters such as Lunar Prospector and GRAIL.

  • Topographic map
    Topographic map
  • Gravity map based on GRAIL
    Gravity map based on GRAIL

Names

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Like most of the other maria on the Moon, Mare Crisium was named by Giovanni Riccioli, whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized.[6]

By the 17th century, Mare Crisium had acquired the name 'Caspian Sea', being labelled as such by Thomas Harriot, Pierre Gassendi and Michael van Langren. Ewen A. Whitaker speculates that it received this name because it occupies roughly the same position on the Moon's face as does the Caspian Sea on Earth, with respect to maps of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.[7] The English astronomer William Gilbert's map of c.1600 calls it 'Brittania' after Britain.[7]

Observation and exploration

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Mare Crisium is just visible from Earth with the naked eye as a small dark spot on the edge of the Moon's face.

It is the site of the 21 July 1969 crash-landing of the Soviet Luna 15 probe, occurring the same day that two Apollo 11 astronauts walked on the Moon. A soil sample from Mare Crisium was successfully brought to Earth on 22 August 1976 by the Soviet lunar mission Luna 24.[8]

On 15 January, Blue Ghost Mission 1 by Firefly Aerospace, Hakuto-R Mission 2 by ispace, and Quantum Aerospace launched together on a Falcon 9. [9][10][11]

Firefly Aerospace's lunar lander carried NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads as a part of Commercial Lunar Payload Services program to Mare Crisium.[12] Landing was completed successfully on 2 March 2025 in Mons Latreille at 18°34′N 61°49′E / 18.56°N 61.81°E / 18.56; 61.81.[13][14]

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Mare Crisium is used as the location for Arthur C. Clarke's 1948 seminal short-story "The Sentinel". In the story, a mysterious structure is found in one of the mountains surrounding the Mare. Clarke describes Mare Crisium as follows:[15]

It is the great walled plain, one of the finest on the Moon, known as the Mare Crisium - the Sea of Crises. Three hundred miles in diameter, and almost completely surrounded by a ring of magnificent mountains, it had never been explored until we entered in the late summer of 1996.

In Warhammer 40k, it is the location of the Somnus Citadel, a base for the Sisters of Silence. [16]

Mare Crisium is seen and mentioned throughout the 2022 film Moonfall. It is where the alien A.I. swarm and the astronauts go into the Moon to reach the megastructure beneath the surface.

In 2025, Grammy Winning Reggae Artist Mykal Rose had a collection of his music entitled Afro Soul included in the Astrovault payload aboard the Blue Ghost Mission 1 by Firefly Aerospace which successfully landed on March 2nd, 2025. Rose along with his manager William Moseley wanted to bring a message of world unity to the mission. [10][11]

Views

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  • Location of Mare Crisium, as seen from Earth
    Location of Mare Crisium, as seen from Earth
  • These are three views of northern Mare Crisium on the Moon, taken by the mapping camera of the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, facing north-northeast from an average altitude of 118 km on Revolution 27 of the mission. At the right is the east margin of Mare Crisium, with the north tip of Promontorium Agarum visible in the foreground, and Mare Anguis near the central horizon. The crater Eimmart is visible in both the right and central photos as a bright patch (near the top in each). The center photo shows an obvious lack of large craters in the mare indicating a relatively young age of the basalt, and the crater Eimmart C is visible as a ring at the edge of the mare near the top center. The left photo shows the western margin of the mare, with the crater Peirce (larger) and Swift (smaller) in the mare, and the large crater Cleomedes near the central horizon. The rays of the crater Proclus (further to the west, not shown) are prominent in the mare. These photos were taken within minutes of each other. The sun elevation drops from 60 degrees at right to 46 degrees at left as the Command Module America orbited the Moon.
    These are three views of northern Mare Crisium on the Moon, taken by the mapping camera of the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, facing north-northeast from an average altitude of 118 km on Revolution 27 of the mission. At the right is the east margin of Mare Crisium, with the north tip of Promontorium Agarum visible in the foreground, and Mare Anguis near the central horizon. The crater Eimmart is visible in both the right and central photos as a bright patch (near the top in each). The center photo shows an obvious lack of large craters in the mare indicating a relatively young age of the basalt, and the crater Eimmart C is visible as a ring at the edge of the mare near the top center. The left photo shows the western margin of the mare, with the crater Peirce (larger) and Swift (smaller) in the mare, and the large crater Cleomedes near the central horizon. The rays of the crater Proclus (further to the west, not shown) are prominent in the mare. These photos were taken within minutes of each other. The sun elevation drops from 60 degrees at right to 46 degrees at left as the Command Module America orbited the Moon.
  • Low-altitude view of southern Mare Crisium from Apollo 11, facing northwest and showing the crater Shapley near center at the edge of the mare, and the distal wall of the crater Greaves near the horizon
    Low-altitude view of southern Mare Crisium from Apollo 11, facing northwest and showing the crater Shapley near center at the edge of the mare, and the distal wall of the crater Greaves near the horizon

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Mare Crisium". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
  2. ^ The geologic history of the Moon. USGS Professional Paper 1348. By Don E. Wilhelms, John F. McCauley, and Newell J. Trask. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington: 1987. Table 9-3.
  3. ^ "Wrinkle Ridge in Mare Crisium - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2024-12-17.
  4. ^ "Mare Crisium". lunar.arc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on March 15, 2002. Retrieved October 18, 2007.
  5. ^ P. M. Muller, W. L. Sjogren (1968). "Mascons: Lunar Mass Concentrations". Science. 161 (3842): 680–684. Bibcode:1968Sci...161..680M. doi:10.1126/science.161.3842.680. PMID 17801458. S2CID 40110502.
  6. ^ Ewen A. Whitaker, Mapping and Naming the Moon (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p.61.
  7. ^ a b Ewen A. Whitaker, Mapping and Naming the Moon (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p.7.
  8. ^ NASA reference
  9. ^ "Oregon's Connection to the Moon: Firefly Aerospace's Blue Ghost Mission Blasts Off - Willamette Weekly". 2025-01-18. Retrieved 2025-03-03.
  10. ^ a b "Firefly Aerospace's Blue Ghost Mission 1: Lunar Voyage". 2025-01-17. Retrieved 2025-03-03.
  11. ^ a b "Firefly Aerospace's Blue Ghost Mission 1 Launches to Moon". 2025-01-16. Retrieved 2025-03-03.
  12. ^ "NASA Selects Firefly Aerospace for Artemis Commercial Moon Delivery in 2023". NASA (Press release). 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  13. ^ "Blue Ghost Mission 1 (Firefly)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 2 March 2025.
  14. ^ "Lunar Lander". Firefly Aerospace. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  15. ^ Clarke, Arthur C. (1983). The Sentinel. New York: Berkley Books. p. 119. ISBN 0-425-09389-1.
  16. ^ Swallow, James (2017). "15". The Flight of the Eisenstien. The Horus Heresy. Black Library. ASIN B076DMFTXZ.
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